![]() Its doctrine and organization have changed over time, as political, technological, and cultural situations have changed in Ireland. The modern Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) has a history going back to Irish revolutionary forces in the early 20th century. National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Ī dual, but sometimes overlapping, Party and Military structure was top-downĪlso known as the Viet Cong, this organization grew from earlier anticolonial groups fighting the French and from anti-Japanese guerrillas during World War II. The legitimacy of the Jedburgh team came from its known affiliation with Allied powers, and it was a structure more appropriate for unconventional warfare than for truly clandestine operations. Even then, the hideouts of the leadership were known only to subcell leaders. If the team was to carry out direct action (often an unwise mission unless an appreciable number of the locals had military experience) it would be necessary to assemble into larger units for combat. If the mission was sabotage, reconnaissance, or espionage, there was no need to meet in large units. On the night of the 5/6 June 1944, the first Operation Jedburgh teams parachuted into occupied France Įspecially through the French member, they would contact trusted individuals in the area of operation, and ask them to recruit a team of trusted subordinates (a subcell). ![]() They operated in France and the Netherlands and similar teams operated in South East Asia. They were composed of two officers – one American or British, and the other a native to the area they would operate, preferably from the area into which they landed – and a third member who was a radio operator. They also acted as a liaison between Allied command and the resistance units. In World War II, Operation Jedburgh teams were formed to lead unconventional warfare against German units by acts of sabotage and leading local resistance forces. Put differently, clandestine means "hidden", and covert means "deniable"-that is to say that the sponsor of a covert action is sufficiently removed from it that the sponsor can claim ignorance in the event the plot is discovered.Ī sleeper cell refers to a cell, or isolated grouping of sleeper agents, that lies dormant until it receives orders or decides to act. The modern NATO definition of a covert operation says the identity of the sponsor is concealed, but in a clandestine operation the operation itself is concealed from the participants. clandestine operations Ĭovert and clandestine operations are not the same when it comes to tradecraft. ![]()
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